Water as Public/Private Goods

(Open Access Resources)

Groundwater Irrigation

(where offtake > recharge)

Tertiary Irrigation Systems

(Public Goods)

Flood Control

Main Irrigation Systems

(Toll Goods)

Sewerage Systems

Navigation Systems

(Private Goods)

Bottled water

Recreation?

High

Low

Subtractability Criterion

Excludability Criterion

High

Low

Natural Monopolies? Not in operations and maintenance.

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